| Many of the strongest European
| |
| | Biogen, a practice that became
|
| pharmaceutical firms adopted this
| |
| | increasingly popular in pharmaceuticals.
|
| strategy, seeking to develop their own
| |
| | The situation with Biogen and
|
| capabilities across a relatively narrow
| |
| | Schering-Plough illustrates the finding
|
| front while working with biotech
| |
| | of study conducted by Lerner and Merger
|
| startups. The small, university-linked
| |
| | (1998), which identified 25 critical
|
| biotechs were at first almost entirely an
| |
| | control rights in biotechnology
|
| American phenomenon, and this gave the
| |
| | innovation alliances, in particular those
|
| large U.S. pharmaceutical companies an
| |
| | regarding alliance management
|
| initial advantage, as did the federal
| |
| | (manufacturing, clinical trials), the
|
| government's support for basic research
| |
| | control of intellectual property,
|
| in molecular genetics. But soon, European
| |
| | determination of alliance scope, equity
|
| governments were attempting to close the
| |
| | in R&D companies, seats in companies'
|
| widening biotech gap, hoping that
| |
| | boards.
|
| government support would make up for the
| |
| | From standpoint of human resource
|
| venture capital that was not available to
| |
| | management, innovation in pharmaceutical
|
| their potential innovators.
| |
| | industry in the light of all accompanied
|
| One of the interesting international
| |
| | trends inevitably leads to outsourcing of
|
| hybrids was Biogen, a startup that was
| |
| | labor (not associated with acquisitions
|
| built on American science and that
| |
| | or mergers). During 1999-2004,
|
| quickly expanded through licensing
| |
| | pharmaceutical firms increased the extent
|
| arrangements with several leading
| |
| | to which they outsourced R&D
|
| pharmaceutical firms. Biogen soon had
| |
| | significantly. Developing economies of
|
| operations in Germany, Switzerland, and
| |
| | India, China and Singapore now play
|
| Belgium. Schering-Plough, an American
| |
| | active roles in the industry, creating
|
| pharmaceutical company, collaborated with
| |
| | not only lower-cost sources of assistance
|
| Biogen in the race to capture the
| |
| | but also potential future rivals for the
|
| anticipated global markets for
| |
| | large pharmaceutical companies. From the
|
| interferon. To enhance and protect its
| |
| | strategic point of view, any company's
|
| access to Biogen's products and
| |
| | planning effort must answer the question
|
| processes, Schering-Plough in the end
| |
| | of how this trend toward outsourcing will
|
| bought a substantial equity position in
| |
| | impact the industry in future.
|
